I think thats an amazing way to create dns entries for unix servers if you don't access to DNS servers. I believe its possible because of the automatic dns update feature in MS DNS.
Create hostname.txt
server 113.167.14.63
zone ted.com
prereq nxdomain pankaj.ted.com
update add pankaj.ted.com 86400 A 211.216.153.900
show
send
# nsupdate -v /home/scripts/dns/hosts/hostname.txt
You can similarly delete or modify the resource records
# nsupdate
>update delete pankaj.ted.com 86400 A 211.216.153.900
nsupdate is used to submit Dynamic DNS Update requests as defined in
RFC2136 to a name server. This allows resource records to be added or
removed from a zone without manually editing the zone file. A single
update request can contain requests to add or remove more than one
resource record.
Friday, August 14, 2009
Thursday, August 6, 2009
All about ntp
After a very grilling and fear-provoking experience with one of the consultants about the fact that ntp is not properly configured on few on our boxes and thats one of the primary reasons that nothing works in our environment :-). I had to get this right in my head...
Installing ntp on Linux/Solaris/AIX and OSX
Few facts about NTP:
Ntp is OS independent
NTP uses UTC as reference time
Even when a network connection is temporarily unavailable,
NTP can use measurements from the past to estimate current time and error
Stratum 0 clock - >> Reference Clocks -> Cesium Clock -> GPS
Stratum 1 clock - >> Top level NTP servers, directly connected to Stratum 0
Stratum 2 clock - >> Clients for Stratum 1
Stratum 3 clock - >> Clients for Stratum 2
---
---
Stratum 16 clock ->> Lowest level server
Peers: When servers synchronizes servers at same stratum server level, so they
may decide who has the higher quality of time and then can synchronise to the
most accurate, they are called peers.
NTP configuration model:
-Ntp can be configured in client-server model
-Peer to peer model,
-Also, a server may broadcast time to a broadcast or multicast IP addresses
and clients may be configured to synchronise to these broadcast time signals.
Few ntp commands:
#ntpq -p <-- show all peers used and configured together with their corner performance data.
bash-3.00# ntpq -p
remote refid st t when poll reach delay offset disp
==============================================================================
+pg913xs01.fe pg000xscrp01.fe 5 u 876 1024 377 0.31 -15.702 9.32
*pg913xs02.fe pg000xscrp02.fe 4 u 845 1024 377 0.23 5.291 4.26
Summary information includes the address of the remote peer,
the reference ID, the stratum of the remote peer,
the type of the peer (local, unicast, multicast or broadcast),
when the last packet was received, the polling interval, in seconds,
the reachability register,in octal, and the current estimated delay,
offset and dispersion of the peer, all in milliseconds.
#ntpdc
ntpdc> peers
#ntpdate -d 134.126.23.62 <--- Manually updating time with ntp server
Setting up and troubleshooting on AIX:
#1. Edit /etc/ntp.conf
#broadcastclient
server timeserver1
server timeserver2
server timeserver3
server timeserver4
driftfile /etc/ntp.drift
tracefile /etc/ntp.trace
#2. ntpdate 134.126.23.62 ( this is only required if you are way off )
9 Jul 21:27:48 ntpdate[299236]: step time server 11.16.4.62 offset -6059.104933
The offset must be less than 1000 seconds for xntpd to synch.
If the offset is greater than 1000 seconds,change the time manually on the client and run the ntpdate -d again.
#3. start xntpd
# startsrc -s xntpd
0513-059 The xntpd Subsystem has been started. Subsystem PID is 438386.
and
Edit uncomment the line in /etc/rc.tcpip
start /usr/sbin/xntpd -x "$src_running"
#4. Wait for atleast 6 mins before issuing, two lssrc results are listed below.
lssrc -ls xntpd
Look at the stratum value in two output listed below
bash-3.00# lssrc -ls xntpd
Program name: /usr/sbin/xntpd
Version: 3
Leap indicator: 00 (No leap second today.)
Sys peer: pg913xsfed02.ted.org
Sys stratum: 5 <------- this is good
Sys precision: -18
Debug/Tracing: DISABLED
Root distance: 0.152100
Root dispersion: 1.015091
Reference ID: 11.16.4.87
Reference time: ce014349.d0b4f000 Thu, Jul 9 2009 21:34:17.815
Broadcast delay: 0.003906 (sec)
Auth delay: 0.000122 (sec)
System flags: pll monitor filegen
System uptime: 279 (sec)
Clock stability: 0.000000 (sec)
Clock frequency: 0.000000 (sec)
Peer: time4.apple.com
flags: (configured)
stratum: 2, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Peer: pg913xsfed02.ted.org
flags: (configured)(sys peer)
stratum: 4, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Peer: pg913xsfed01.ted.org
flags: (configured)(sys peer)
stratum: 5, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Subsystem Group PID Status
xntpd tcpip 438386 active
bash-3.00# lssrc -ls xntpd
Program name: /usr/sbin/xntpd
Version: 3
Leap indicator: 11 (Leap indicator is insane.)
Sys peer: no peer, system is insane
Sys stratum: 16 <------- this is not good
Sys precision: -18
Debug/Tracing: DISABLED
Root distance: 0.000000
Root dispersion: 0.000000
Reference ID: no refid, system is insane
Reference time: no reftime, system is insane
Broadcast delay: 0.003906 (sec)
Auth delay: 0.000122 (sec)
System flags: pll monitor filegen
System uptime: 10 (sec)
Clock stability: 0.000000 (sec)
Clock frequency: 0.000000 (sec)
Peer: time4.apple.com
flags: (configured)
stratum: 16, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: unspecified
Peer: pg913xsfed02.ted.org
flags: (configured)
stratum: 4, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Peer: pg913xsfed01.ted.org
flags: (configured)
stratum: 5, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Subsystem Group PID Status
xntpd tcpip 438386 active
Setting up on Linux:
#1. Edit /etc/ntpd.conf
server timehost1
server timehost2
server timehost3
server timehost4
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
#2. /etc/init.d/ntpd start
Setting up on Solaris:
#1. Edit /etc/inet/ntp.conf
server timehost1
server timehost2
server timehost3
server timehost4
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
#2. /etc/init.d/xntpd start
#3. svcadm refresh svc:/network/ntp
Setting up on OSX
#1. Edit /etc/ntp.conf
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
server timehost1
server timehost2
server timehost3
server timehost4
#2. sudo /System/Library/StartupItems/NetworkTime/NetworkTime restart
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem: NTP daemon starts ok but dies after few minutes
Solutions:
1. Check the date on the machine. If it shows a strange date they could be missing /unix or /vmunix.
2. Check the TZ variable. Often a timezone variable on the client that is different than the server can cause this problem.
3. Make sure "broadcast client" line is commented out of /etc/ntp.conf.
4. How much is the time off? If it is >1000 seconds then NTP won't stay active. To correct this, run ntpdate serveripaddress.
Problem: No server suitable for synchronization found.
Solution:
If you start xntpd on a server and run ntpdate on a client to set the client's time with that of the server,
it will not update the client unless the xntpd daemon has been active for 6 minutes or longer.
Installing ntp on Linux/Solaris/AIX and OSX
Few facts about NTP:
Ntp is OS independent
NTP uses UTC as reference time
Even when a network connection is temporarily unavailable,
NTP can use measurements from the past to estimate current time and error
Stratum 0 clock - >> Reference Clocks -> Cesium Clock -> GPS
Stratum 1 clock - >> Top level NTP servers, directly connected to Stratum 0
Stratum 2 clock - >> Clients for Stratum 1
Stratum 3 clock - >> Clients for Stratum 2
---
---
Stratum 16 clock ->> Lowest level server
Peers: When servers synchronizes servers at same stratum server level, so they
may decide who has the higher quality of time and then can synchronise to the
most accurate, they are called peers.
NTP configuration model:
-Ntp can be configured in client-server model
-Peer to peer model,
-Also, a server may broadcast time to a broadcast or multicast IP addresses
and clients may be configured to synchronise to these broadcast time signals.
Few ntp commands:
#ntpq -p <-- show all peers used and configured together with their corner performance data.
bash-3.00# ntpq -p
remote refid st t when poll reach delay offset disp
==============================================================================
+pg913xs01.fe pg000xscrp01.fe 5 u 876 1024 377 0.31 -15.702 9.32
*pg913xs02.fe pg000xscrp02.fe 4 u 845 1024 377 0.23 5.291 4.26
Summary information includes the address of the remote peer,
the reference ID, the stratum of the remote peer,
the type of the peer (local, unicast, multicast or broadcast),
when the last packet was received, the polling interval, in seconds,
the reachability register,in octal, and the current estimated delay,
offset and dispersion of the peer, all in milliseconds.
#ntpdc
ntpdc> peers
#ntpdate -d 134.126.23.62 <--- Manually updating time with ntp server
Setting up and troubleshooting on AIX:
#1. Edit /etc/ntp.conf
#broadcastclient
server timeserver1
server timeserver2
server timeserver3
server timeserver4
driftfile /etc/ntp.drift
tracefile /etc/ntp.trace
#2. ntpdate 134.126.23.62 ( this is only required if you are way off )
9 Jul 21:27:48 ntpdate[299236]: step time server 11.16.4.62 offset -6059.104933
The offset must be less than 1000 seconds for xntpd to synch.
If the offset is greater than 1000 seconds,change the time manually on the client and run the ntpdate -d again.
#3. start xntpd
# startsrc -s xntpd
0513-059 The xntpd Subsystem has been started. Subsystem PID is 438386.
and
Edit uncomment the line in /etc/rc.tcpip
start /usr/sbin/xntpd -x "$src_running"
#4. Wait for atleast 6 mins before issuing, two lssrc results are listed below.
lssrc -ls xntpd
Look at the stratum value in two output listed below
bash-3.00# lssrc -ls xntpd
Program name: /usr/sbin/xntpd
Version: 3
Leap indicator: 00 (No leap second today.)
Sys peer: pg913xsfed02.ted.org
Sys stratum: 5 <------- this is good
Sys precision: -18
Debug/Tracing: DISABLED
Root distance: 0.152100
Root dispersion: 1.015091
Reference ID: 11.16.4.87
Reference time: ce014349.d0b4f000 Thu, Jul 9 2009 21:34:17.815
Broadcast delay: 0.003906 (sec)
Auth delay: 0.000122 (sec)
System flags: pll monitor filegen
System uptime: 279 (sec)
Clock stability: 0.000000 (sec)
Clock frequency: 0.000000 (sec)
Peer: time4.apple.com
flags: (configured)
stratum: 2, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Peer: pg913xsfed02.ted.org
flags: (configured)(sys peer)
stratum: 4, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Peer: pg913xsfed01.ted.org
flags: (configured)(sys peer)
stratum: 5, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Subsystem Group PID Status
xntpd tcpip 438386 active
bash-3.00# lssrc -ls xntpd
Program name: /usr/sbin/xntpd
Version: 3
Leap indicator: 11 (Leap indicator is insane.)
Sys peer: no peer, system is insane
Sys stratum: 16 <------- this is not good
Sys precision: -18
Debug/Tracing: DISABLED
Root distance: 0.000000
Root dispersion: 0.000000
Reference ID: no refid, system is insane
Reference time: no reftime, system is insane
Broadcast delay: 0.003906 (sec)
Auth delay: 0.000122 (sec)
System flags: pll monitor filegen
System uptime: 10 (sec)
Clock stability: 0.000000 (sec)
Clock frequency: 0.000000 (sec)
Peer: time4.apple.com
flags: (configured)
stratum: 16, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: unspecified
Peer: pg913xsfed02.ted.org
flags: (configured)
stratum: 4, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Peer: pg913xsfed01.ted.org
flags: (configured)
stratum: 5, version: 3
our mode: client, his mode: server
Subsystem Group PID Status
xntpd tcpip 438386 active
Setting up on Linux:
#1. Edit /etc/ntpd.conf
server timehost1
server timehost2
server timehost3
server timehost4
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
#2. /etc/init.d/ntpd start
Setting up on Solaris:
#1. Edit /etc/inet/ntp.conf
server timehost1
server timehost2
server timehost3
server timehost4
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
#2. /etc/init.d/xntpd start
#3. svcadm refresh svc:/network/ntp
Setting up on OSX
#1. Edit /etc/ntp.conf
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
server timehost1
server timehost2
server timehost3
server timehost4
#2. sudo /System/Library/StartupItems/NetworkTime/NetworkTime restart
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem: NTP daemon starts ok but dies after few minutes
Solutions:
1. Check the date on the machine. If it shows a strange date they could be missing /unix or /vmunix.
2. Check the TZ variable. Often a timezone variable on the client that is different than the server can cause this problem.
3. Make sure "broadcast client" line is commented out of /etc/ntp.conf.
4. How much is the time off? If it is >1000 seconds then NTP won't stay active. To correct this, run ntpdate serveripaddress.
Problem: No server suitable for synchronization found.
Solution:
If you start xntpd on a server and run ntpdate on a client to set the client's time with that of the server,
it will not update the client unless the xntpd daemon has been active for 6 minutes or longer.
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